Post by Ismail AbdulAzeez on Dec 13, 2012 11:14:39 GMT -5
Seventy percent of the world’s cocoa now comes from West Africa, where family-run farms have proliferated across the landscape in recent decades. Yet in a paradox, the spread of these nonnative cocoa trees often contributes to deforestation. Rather than planting cacao trees under a forest canopy that shades them, which is the traditional method in Latin America, farmers in Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Ghana often clear forest so they can plant more trees and achieve higher yields.
The practice has a down side for the both the cocoa trees and the environment. Preserving the natural shade would have allowed the cocoa trees to absorb more nutrients and would shelter them from the stresses of the full sun; the loss of natural forestland eliminates a carbon sink, contributing to concentrations of heat-trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Yet efforts are under way to both bolster cocoa production so that less land is needed for plantations and to reintroduce older farming practices that encourage healthier growth of the trees under forest shade. Those were among the goals of a recent World Cocoa Conference held in Abidjan, the Ivorian capital.
The forum, the first of its kind, was organized by corporations in concert with nongovernmental organizations on the premise that improvements in farming practices can benefit both the farmers, who receive little economic return for the toil they put in, and global producers like Hershey’s and Nestlé. “West Africa is the core of the industry, and at the base of that pyramid are the farmers,” said Andrew Pederson, global sustainability manager for the candy bar manufacturer Mars Chocolate.
For over a decade, recognition has been growing that farmers, governments, nongovernmental organizations and the businesses that make up the cocoa supply chain need to unite to improve production instead of operating as separate entities. The resulting spate of partnerships between public and private investors are not framed as philanthropy, but as efforts that will benefit both groups.
Asked about the benefits of collaborating with nongovernmental organizations that want to aid the farmers and protect the environment, Mr. Pederson said the motivation was pragmatic. “Business,” he said. “We don’t want to be reliant on a supply chain that’s rife with poverty and no training.”
Aside from scant agricultural training, weak infrastructure and diseases like black pod that threaten the trees, the West African cocoa farmers are hobbled by the size of their plots. Most are small-scale and family-run, spread across just a few acres. The farms, often passed down from father to son, may be craggy forests with not many pods, Mr. Pederson said.
(Inside the pods are the coveted cocoa beans, packed tightly into a white, pulpy mesh. It is this sweet encasement that gives the kernels their dense flavor, reacting chemically with the beans when the pods are laid out on wooden racks to ferment. Then comes the drying process, and shipment across the globe.)
“Seventy percent of the world’s supply comes from West Africa, and it’s also a part of the world that has some of the largest problems,” said Bill Guyton, president of the World Cocoa Foundation, which represents cocoa companies seeking to foster sustainability in the industry.
Among the recent innovations is a plan by Mars Incorporated in partnership and the World Agroforestry Center, a group that works toward agricultural productivity in rural settings, to establish a laboratory in Ivory Coast that will operate as a genetic seed bank for growing new, strong cocoa trees.
One strategy is tree grafting to broaden the gene pool. That may mean splicing a genetically distinct new shoot of a young cocoa tree onto a veteran trunk to impart some of the younger plant’s qualities. The result is something like a Frankenstein tree, with older, fruitless limbs intermingled with branches that may be laden with pods.
“It raises their productivity and health dramatically in a pretty short amount of time,” Mr. Pederson said. Once pod production is enhanced, farmers will need only about a third of the land they were using before to attain the same result, making the small size of farms less problematic.
The art of grafting is already widely practiced on cocoa plantations in Asia. But in Africa, “it’s a technology that’s not used,” Mr. Guyton said. Broader plans call for training grafters and, ultimately, channeling some of the proceeds from greater productivity into local development initiatives that will aid farming communities in general.
As Mr. Pederson put it, “the world is hungry for chocolate.” Meeting that demand will probably require further innovations in coming decades as climate change, population growth and a greater scarcity of resources change the equation for the growers, distributors and manufacturers of a perennially popular product.
Yet it’s the contrast between the chocolate appetite of the affluent West and the struggles of small-scale African farmers that “brings out the passion” for those seeking change, Mr. Guyton said, helping to reshape the future of cocoa.
Source: http:// gren. blogs.nytime.com/2012/12/11/ reshaping-the-future-of-cocoa-in-africa/
The practice has a down side for the both the cocoa trees and the environment. Preserving the natural shade would have allowed the cocoa trees to absorb more nutrients and would shelter them from the stresses of the full sun; the loss of natural forestland eliminates a carbon sink, contributing to concentrations of heat-trapping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Yet efforts are under way to both bolster cocoa production so that less land is needed for plantations and to reintroduce older farming practices that encourage healthier growth of the trees under forest shade. Those were among the goals of a recent World Cocoa Conference held in Abidjan, the Ivorian capital.
The forum, the first of its kind, was organized by corporations in concert with nongovernmental organizations on the premise that improvements in farming practices can benefit both the farmers, who receive little economic return for the toil they put in, and global producers like Hershey’s and Nestlé. “West Africa is the core of the industry, and at the base of that pyramid are the farmers,” said Andrew Pederson, global sustainability manager for the candy bar manufacturer Mars Chocolate.
For over a decade, recognition has been growing that farmers, governments, nongovernmental organizations and the businesses that make up the cocoa supply chain need to unite to improve production instead of operating as separate entities. The resulting spate of partnerships between public and private investors are not framed as philanthropy, but as efforts that will benefit both groups.
Asked about the benefits of collaborating with nongovernmental organizations that want to aid the farmers and protect the environment, Mr. Pederson said the motivation was pragmatic. “Business,” he said. “We don’t want to be reliant on a supply chain that’s rife with poverty and no training.”
Aside from scant agricultural training, weak infrastructure and diseases like black pod that threaten the trees, the West African cocoa farmers are hobbled by the size of their plots. Most are small-scale and family-run, spread across just a few acres. The farms, often passed down from father to son, may be craggy forests with not many pods, Mr. Pederson said.
(Inside the pods are the coveted cocoa beans, packed tightly into a white, pulpy mesh. It is this sweet encasement that gives the kernels their dense flavor, reacting chemically with the beans when the pods are laid out on wooden racks to ferment. Then comes the drying process, and shipment across the globe.)
“Seventy percent of the world’s supply comes from West Africa, and it’s also a part of the world that has some of the largest problems,” said Bill Guyton, president of the World Cocoa Foundation, which represents cocoa companies seeking to foster sustainability in the industry.
Among the recent innovations is a plan by Mars Incorporated in partnership and the World Agroforestry Center, a group that works toward agricultural productivity in rural settings, to establish a laboratory in Ivory Coast that will operate as a genetic seed bank for growing new, strong cocoa trees.
One strategy is tree grafting to broaden the gene pool. That may mean splicing a genetically distinct new shoot of a young cocoa tree onto a veteran trunk to impart some of the younger plant’s qualities. The result is something like a Frankenstein tree, with older, fruitless limbs intermingled with branches that may be laden with pods.
“It raises their productivity and health dramatically in a pretty short amount of time,” Mr. Pederson said. Once pod production is enhanced, farmers will need only about a third of the land they were using before to attain the same result, making the small size of farms less problematic.
The art of grafting is already widely practiced on cocoa plantations in Asia. But in Africa, “it’s a technology that’s not used,” Mr. Guyton said. Broader plans call for training grafters and, ultimately, channeling some of the proceeds from greater productivity into local development initiatives that will aid farming communities in general.
As Mr. Pederson put it, “the world is hungry for chocolate.” Meeting that demand will probably require further innovations in coming decades as climate change, population growth and a greater scarcity of resources change the equation for the growers, distributors and manufacturers of a perennially popular product.
Yet it’s the contrast between the chocolate appetite of the affluent West and the struggles of small-scale African farmers that “brings out the passion” for those seeking change, Mr. Guyton said, helping to reshape the future of cocoa.
Source: http:// gren. blogs.nytime.com/2012/12/11/ reshaping-the-future-of-cocoa-in-africa/
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